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The amount of time and effort a developer dedicates towards writing a function depends on the details they choose to focus on: coding conventions, structure, programming style, etc. Suppose a group of developers is presented a high-level prompt to write the same function: given some input, return some output. For example, given a list of numbers, return a sorted list of numbers. The actual implementation of the function is left entirely to the discretion of the developer. A quick, mathematical way to evaluate each developer's implementation of this function, without any additional code, is by its time complexity . Particularly, knowing each implementation's Big-O complexity tells us how it might perform in the worst case scenario, commonly when the size of the input is very large. However, time complexity fails to account for the hardware the function is executed upon, and it does not provide any tangible, quantifiable metrics to base decisions on. Metrics such as operation speed and total execution time assign real numerical values to the performance of a function. By adding benchmarks , developers can leverage these metrics to better inform them on how to improve their code. The Go programming language has a benchmarking utility in its built-in, standard library package testing . To benchmark code in Go, define a function with a name prefixed with Benchmark (followed by a capitalized segment of text) and accepts an argument of struct type B , which contains methods and values for determining the number of iterations to run, running multiple benchmarks in parallel, timing execution times, etc. Example :

If you are running Webpack or a CLI tool that’s built on top of Webpack (e.g., react-scripts for Create React App applications or vue-cli-service for Vue applications) with version 17 of Node.js, then you may have come across the following error: With Node.js v17+ supporting OpenSSL 3.0 , algorithms like MD4 have been relegated to OpenSSL 3.0’s legacy provider. A provider is a collection of cryptographic algorithm implementations. OpenSSL 3.0 comes with five standard providers : default, legacy, FIPS, base and null. The legacy provider consists of algorithms that are considered to be rarely used in today’s world or unsafe security-wise. This provider exists for backwards compatibility purposes (for software that still rely on these algorithms) and is not loaded by default. Webpack creates hashes using the crypto.createHash() method of the Node.js crypto module. This method can only create hashes with algorithms that are available and supported by the version of OpenSSL corresponding to the currently installed Node.js version. Since Webpack specifies to the crypto.createHash() method to use the MD4 algorithm (see below code), and this algorithm is not readily available in Node.js v17+ due to OpenSSL 3.0 not loading legacy providers by default, Webpack errors out and Node.js logs the error message Error: error:0308010C:digital envelope routines::unsupported .

Last time we used Redux Toolkit to create a todo app. Since RTK is considered to be the standard way to write redux applications, we will use thunks with Redux Toolkit to write asynchronous logic as well. Thunks are a way to manage side effects when working with Redux. For instance, when we want to fetch some data from a server we need to perform an HTTP request. That request is a side effect because it interacts with the “outer world”. Redux itself doesn't know anything about side effects in an app. All the work is done in the redux-thunk middleware. It extends the store's abilities and lets you write async logic that interacts with the store.

The Redux Toolkit package is intended to be the standard way to write Redux logic. It simplifies the store creation and decreases the amount of boilerplate code. Let's rewrite the application we wrote in one of the earlier posts from scratch to see what will change. First of all, we need to create a new app. We can use Create React App with TypeScript template and then add Redux Toolkit or we can use a template that already includes everything we need.

In @types/react v18, the implicit children prop was removed from the FC type. According to a pull request for @types/react , this prop was supposed to be removed in @types/react v17, but was postponed to @types/react v18 so that developers can easily upgrade their React applications to v17 with few to zero problems . Assuming React v18 and @types/react v18 are both installed within a React project, and given the following code for a component that accept children as a prop... TypeScript raises the following error: