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Ever since the introduction of open source libraries and frameworks like React and Vue , the most popular approach for building user interfaces has been the composition of small, reusable components to create larger, more complex components and views. An often glossed over alternative that follows a similar paradigm is Web Components . As a collection of browser standards maintained by the WHATWG and W3C, Web Components lets you develop custom components, and use them anywhere in your application like regular HTML elements, with native browser APIs. It consists of three primary specifications that are implemented by all major browsers. Together, these specifications make self-contained components, each one encapsulating its own set of functionalities and structure: Third-party libraries and frameworks are known to frequently release new versions and introduce breaking changes. However, the lengthy, rigorous process of reviewing and approving changes to official specifications by the WHATWG and W3C results in far less breaking changes, which means less wasted development time. Using Web Components, components can extend from native HTML elements to augment their capabilities (i.e. clicking a table cell pops open a tooltip) while also retaining their accessibility characteristics. Commonly, Web Components can be found in applications built with Lit (successor of the deprecated Polymer library) or AMP . If we have to share components across different Web Components-based applications, then we need to be sure that these components can work standalone regardless of their environment.

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Styled components redefine how we apply CSS styles to React components. Unlike the traditional approach of manually assigning CSS classes (from an imported CSS file) to elements within a component, CSS-in-JS libraries like styled-components provide primitives for locally scoping CSS styles to a component with unique, auto-generated CSS classes. Consider a simple component composed of several styled React components. Each of styled 's helper methods corresponds to a specific DOM node: Here, the component's styles, structure and logic can all be found within a single file. styled-components comes up with a unique class name for each set of CSS rules, feeds the CSS to a CSS preprocessor (Stylis), places the compiled CSS within a