Course Overview

Overview of history of the JavaScript language

History of JavaScript

Overview of the relationship between JavaScript and Java

JavaScript vs Java

Overview of how JavaScript is evolved as a programming language

How is it evolved?

Overview of how we can track upcoming features in the JavaScript language

How to track upcoming features?

Overview of how the ECMAScript is versioned

How is ECMAScript versioned?

Explanation of whether JavaScript is interpreted or a compiled language

Is it interpreted or compiled?

Explanation of how JavaScript is executed

How is it executed?

Execution Context

Explanation of what is a callstack and how it is used in JavaScript

Callstack

Overview of memory management in JavaScript

Memory

What is JavaScript

What is hoisting?

Explanation of common misconception about hoisting in JavaScript

Misconception about hoisting

Hoisting

What is scope?

Explanation of global scope in JavaScript

Global scope

Explanation of function scope in JavaScript

Function scope

Block scope

Explanation of module scope in JavaScript

Module scope

Scope chain

Scope

What is coercion?

Diving into inner details of  coercion in JavaScript

Deeper look at coercion

Explanation of what abstract operations are and common types of abstract operations in JavaScript

Abstract operations

Explanation of how abstract or loose equality works in JavaScript

Abstract equality operator

Explanation of how the addition operator works in JavaScript

Addition operator

Explanation of how relational operators work in JavaScript

Relational operators

Coercion exercise for testing and practicing the knowledge learned in this module

Coercion exercise

Coercion

What is a closure?

Explanation of a common misconception about closures in JavaScript

Misconception about closures

Explanation of the problem of closures inside loops and how to fix it

Closures inside loops

Explanation of closures can be used to hide data

Data hiding using closures

Closures

What is prototypal inheritance?

Prototype chain

__proto__ property

Explanation of how we can create objects with custom prototypes in JavaScript

Custom prototypes

Explanation of how prototype chain is set with ES6 classes

ES6 classes and prototypes

Prototypes

Explanation of this keyword in JavaScript

What is this?

Explanation of how "this" works inside arrow functions

Arrow functions and "this"

Explanation of how value of "this" can be set explicitly

Explicitly binding "this"

globalThis

Summarizing "this"

'this' keyword

What is a symbol?

Explanation of why symbols were added in JavaScript

Why symbols?

Symbols and privacy

Explanation of global symbols in JavaScript

Global symbols

Explanation of what well-known symbols are in JavaScript

Well-known symbols

Symbol

Overview of asynchronous behavior of JavaScript

Overview

Overview of how callbacks help us write asynchronous code in JavaScript

Callbacks

Event loop

Promise

Explanation of promise chaining in JavaScript

Promise chaining

Explanation of some static methods of promises and their use cases

Use cases for static Promise methods

Explanation of async-await syntax in JavaScript

async await

Explanation of microtasks, how they are processed, and how they are linked to promises

Microtasks

Explanation of common anti-patterns to avoid when using promises in JavaScript

Promise anti-patterns

Asynchronous JavaScript

Explanation of what is an iterator in JavaScript

Iterators

Explanation of what is a generator in JavaScript

Generators

Explanation of how we can create asynchronous iterators in JavaScript

Asynchronous iterators

Explanation of how we can create asynchronous generators in JavaScript

Asynchronous generators

Iterators and Generators

Overview of what is debugging and different ways to debug JavaScript

Debugging

Overview of using the "debugger" statement to debug JavaScript

Debugger statement

Overview of using the breakpoints in browser developers' tools to debug JavaScript

Breakpoints in browser

Overview of using the VS Code debugger to debug JavaScript

VS Code debugger

Debugging JavaScript

Final thoughts and advice regarding how to continue the exciting journey of learning JavaScript

Conclusion

Wrap up

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Advanced JavaScript Unleashed

Now that we know what prototypal inheritance is let us explore the prototype chain.

At the top of the prototypal inheritance hierarchy is the 

 object. It is the root object or parent of all objects. When we create an object literal, its prototype is the 

const obj = {};

console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) === Object.prototype);
// true

You can run the above code in the Replit below:

 object. But we can still call some methods on it.

const obj = {};

console.log(obj.toString()); // [object Object]

 object; how is it accessible in the code example above? You guessed it: it is defined on the 

Objects created in this way are instances of the 

 constructor function. We can also define 

This has the same effect: it creates an empty object. As discussed in the previous lesson, functions have a prototype property that points to an object that serves as the "prototype" of all instances of that function when that function is invoked as a "constructor". So, the 

 object serves as the "prototype" of all objects created via 

 callable on all objects? Yes, it is; some objects inherit it from the 

 object, while other objects, such as arrays, inherit it from their prototype, i.e., the 

---
title: Prototype chain
description: Explore the prototype chain
isPublicLesson: false
useMdx: true
code: https://gitlab.com/fullstackio/books/newline-course-apps/advanced-javascript-unleashed-app/-/tree/main/module_06/lesson_06.02
---

Now that we know what prototypal inheritance is let us explore the prototype chain.

## Object.prototype - parent of all objects

At the top of the prototypal inheritance hierarchy is the `Object.prototype` object. It is the root object or parent of all objects. When we create an object literal, its prototype is the `Object.prototype` object.

```js
const obj = {};

console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) === Object.prototype);
// true
```

You can run the above code in the Replit below:

<ReplitEmbed src="https://replit.com/@newlineauthors/prototype-chain-example1" />

We didn't define any properties on the `obj` object. But we can still call some methods on it.

```js
const obj = {};

console.log(obj.toString()); // [object Object]
```

You can run the above code in the Replit below:

<ReplitEmbed src="https://replit.com/@newlineauthors/prototype-chain-example2" />

We didn't define a method named `toString` on the `obj` object; how is it accessible in the code example above? You guessed it: it is defined on the `Object.prototype` object, and as `Object.prototype` is the prototype of `obj`, the properties defined on `Object.prototype` are inherited by `obj`, `toString` being one of them.

Objects created in this way are instances of the `Object` constructor function. We can also define `obj` as shown below:

```js
const obj = new Object();
```

This has the same effect: it creates an empty object. As discussed in the previous lesson, functions have a prototype property that points to an object that serves as the "prototype" of all instances of that function when that function is invoked as a "constructor". So, the `Object.prototype` object serves as the "prototype" of all objects created via `new Object()` or through object literal notation.

At this point, you might ask: isn't `toString` callable on all objects? Yes, it is; some objects inherit it from the `Object.prototype` object, while other objects, such as arrays, inherit it from their prototype, i.e., the `Array.prototype` object, which overrides the `toString` implementation defined in `Object.prototype`.

Some objects are directly linked to the `Object.prototype` object, while others are linked indirectly. Arrays, for example, are linked indirectly. Each array instance is directly linked to the `Array.prototype` object. The `Array.prototype` object is linked to the `Object.prototype` object. This forms a prototype chain that ends at the `Object.prototype` object.